Gynecology, Obstetrics and Women Health

A technique for creating a pregnancy artificially is assisted reproductive technology. Surrogacy, in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and fertility drugs are all types of assisted reproduction. Infertility and reproductive endocrinology are its main related conditions. Embryo splitting, GIFT, ZIFT, sex selection, and surgical sperm retrieval are all included, as well as cryopreservation, zygote intrafallopian transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, egg donors, sperm donors, and embryo preservation.

Endometriosis is the growth of tissues from the uterus' internal lines outside the uterus. In terms of medical services, endometrial patches are represented by wounds, nodules, or implants. Endometriosis patches typically appear on or above the two ovaries, behind the uterus or tissues holding the uterus, on the stomach or bladder, and most commonly in the pelvic depression. The main adverse effect is the constant pelvic pain associated with the menstrual cycle, which can occasionally cause cramping during the period and more intense pain than usual during the cycle. Infertility is the main drawback of endometriosis. A third to half of women who have endometriosis struggle throughout pregnancy

Human sexuality in its whole, including sexual performance, is addressed by sexual ethics and erotic morality. Erotic ethics, in general, is concerned with individual and social standards for how people should act in intimate situations.

• Medication problem
• Abortions
• Non- maleficence
• Conceptus issues related to IVF, cloning

The primary manifestation of Schistosoma haematobium infection is female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). Women mistook FGS for a sexually transmitted illness or infertility due to its symptoms. Due to the low level of uncertainty among professionals in the field of human services, FGS is still pervasive and understudied among women of reproductive age who reside in areas where S. haematobium is endemic. A high degree of uncertainty will enable the detection of FGS prior to surgery and keep unnecessary procedures and incorrect diagnoses of STDs at bay.

Gynaecological procedures are operations on the female reproductive system. It contains techniques for congenial circumstances, danger, infertility, and incontinence. Sometimes, the gynaecological medical operation is carried out for therapeutic or elective reasons. Furthermore, new developments and advancements in endoscopy, imaging, and other interventional frameworks are causing this sector to change quickly. Every medical operation relating to the health of women, including cancer and urogynecology, is developed through gynaecological surgery.

• Reproductive Endocrinology
• Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction
• Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology
• Fetal-Placental Neuroendocrine Development

Gynecologic oncology is an elaborated branch of medicine that majorly concentrates on cancers of the female reproductive system which includes uterine cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. Gynecologic oncologists are the specialist with immense knowledge and training to diagnose and treatment these kind of cancers. They serves as a lead in woman’s Gynecologic cancer care. It is highly important to seek advice from a Gynecologic oncologist prior to the start of the treatment so the best supervision and treatment can be provided based on the stage of the cancer. The European society of Gynecologic oncology and the society of Gynecologic oncology are the Gynecologic oncologist professional organization. For Gynecologic oncologist and other medical professionals who takes part in treating Gynecologic cancers. Gynecologic oncology group is the professional organization. To instruct woman about the signs, symptoms and also the significance of premature diagnosis Gynecologic cancer awareness and ovarian cancer awareness are declared on the month of September.

• Types of cancer
• Oncologist roles and responsibilities
• Pre-clinical studies
• clinical trials and outcomes.
• Extensive care

• Operative Gynecology
• Operative Obstetrics
• Obstetrical Analgesia and Anesthesia
• Recent Advances in Gynecology
• Pregnancy Care and Delivery

The HM, or hydatidiform mole, is an unusual tumour or growth that appears inside the uterus as a pregnancy progresses. A kind of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is present. Atypical oocyte (egg) preparation leads to HM, also known as molar pregnancy. A strange infant is the outcome. Almost no foetal tissue develops while the placenta continues to develop normally. A tumour in the uterus is surrounded by placental tissue. Due to the numerous tiny blisters it contains, this mass frequently appears grape-like on ultrasound. In older women, the likelihood of mole arrangement is increased. Another risk factor is if your past is full of moles from earlier years.

• In Vitro Fertilization
• Infertility Evaluation and Treatment among Women
• Tubal Infertility and Ectopic Pregnancy
• Obesity & Surgical Management of Infertility
• Artificial Gametes and Ovarian Stimulation
• Risk of Idiopathic Male Infertility
• Infertility Evaluation and Management

An intrauterine device (IUD), also called intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a little, regularly T-formed birth control device that is embedded into a lady's uterus to anticipate pregnancy. IUDs are one type of long-acting reversible birth control medication (LARC). Among birth control techniques, IUDs, alongside contraceptive implants, resulting in satisfaction among clients.

IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as individuals who have not recently had children. When an IUD is removed, even after long term use, fertility comes back to normal quickly. Copper IUD’s have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) IUD’s have about 0.2% of the time within the first year of utilization. In comparison, male sterilization and male condoms have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, individually. Copper IUDs can likewise be utilized as emergency contraception within 5 days of unprotected sex.

• Uterine Geometry and IUD Performance
• Physiological Mechanisms of IUDs
• Pituitary-Ovarian Function in IUD Users
• Intrauterine Contraception

The menstrual cycle is the regular, natural change that affects the female reproductive system, including the uterus and ovaries, and it is this change that allows for pregnancy. The cycle is necessary for both the production of oocytes and the prenatal preparation of the uterus. Up to 80% of women claim to experience a few adverse effects from one to 14 days before to their period. Hormonal changes are a representation of the menstrual cycle. By using hormonal contraceptive pills, these progressions can be prevented from leading to pregnancy. Depending on the changes in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or the uterus (uterine cycle), each cycle can be divided into three parts. While the uterine cycle is divided into the menstruation stage, follicular stage, and luteal stage, the ovarian cycle consists of the follicular stage, ovulation, and luteal stage.

• Amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods)
• Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods)
• Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods)
• Menstrual cycles and Ovulation
• Common Menstrual Problems
• Menopause and the Menstrual cycle
• Abnormal bleeding and Menstrual disorders

Paediatric gynaecology, sometimes known as paediatric gynaecology, is the branch of medicine that deals with the health of a child or adolescent's vagina, vulva, uterus, and ovaries. Paediatric andrology, which addresses medical problems exclusive to the penis and testes, is its opposite.

• Amenorrhea
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Vulvovaginitis
• Vulvitis
• Breast abnormalities
• Precocious puberty

Polycystic ovary disorder (PCOS) is a condition in which one in every 10 ladies are commonly influenced. PCOS condition prompts hormonal imbalance in ladies' body and influences the general wellbeing and appearance. PCOS is considered as one of the regular reason for infertility and is treatable. Between 5-10% of ladies with youngster bearing age (15-44) for the most part influenced by PCOS. PCOS, for the most part, influences ovaries, capable to create estrogen and progesterone hormone. PCOS most regularly stays undiscovered. About 70% of ladies influenced by PCOS stay undiscovered. Some regular manifestations of PCOS incorporate Irregular menstrual cycle, hirsutism, Acne, diminishing of hair, abundance We Pediatric Gynecology might increase, darkening of skin and skin labeling. There is no remedy for PCOS, yet drugs are being utilized to deal with the side effects of PCOS.

• PCOS and Causes
• PCOS Treatment
• PCOS Diagnosis
• PCOS risk of Cancer

Reproductive Endocrinology is a branch of reproductive medicine that deals with hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy as well as infertility in couples. Reproductive endocrinologists not only treat infertile couples, but also patients with hormonal imbalances. The endocrine system's regulation and proper functioning are critical for the human body. Hormone secretion dysfunction causes a slew of pregnancy complications.

• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Infertility
• Hirsutism

The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems is known to be reproductive medicine. The point of Reproductive Medicine is to improve and keep up the nature of regenerative wellbeing. The knowledge of reproductive medicine is based on reproductive anatomy, endocrinology, physiology and pathology. If the topic of reproductive medicine is taken into account it can be further subdivided into prenatal medicine and postnatal medicine. The issues addressed in reproductive medicine are sexual education family planning, reproductive system diseases, birth control, infertility and sexual dysfunction. Ovulation, pregnancy, menstruation, menopause and other gynecological problems are also assessed under reproductive medicine. Reproductive toxicology is one of the most important branches of toxicology which deals with the effect of the toxins and the chemical substances on the reproductive system both male and female. It comprises adverse properties on sexual role and fertility in mature males and women, as well as developmental toxicity in the offspring.

• Prenatal medicine
• Perinatal Medicine
• Biomarkers in Reproductive Medicine
• Regenerative Medicine and Their Application

The contagious etiologies of cervicitis, which are all Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are essentially more typical than the noncontagious causes. Since the female genital tract is adjoining from the vulva to the fallopian tubes, there is some cover among vulvovaginitis and cervicitis; the two conditions are usually sorted as lower genital tract contaminations. C trachomatis disease influences the cervix, urethra, salpinges, uterus, nasopharynx, and epididymis. Pregnant ladies with untreated genital herpes amid the first or second trimester seem to have a more prominent than the two-fold danger of preterm delivery contrasted with ladies not uncovered with herpes.

• Hepatitis B & C
• Genital herpes
• Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and genital warts
• HIV and AIDS
• Zika Virus

Urogynaecology is a broad subject and is proficient in Gynecology. It is a careful sub-claim to fame of urology and Gynecology. Urogynaecology is likewise a subspecialty of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Urogynaecology includes finding and treatment of urinary incontinence and female pelvic floor issue. Mechanical helped medical procedure has advanced unfathomably in the course of recent decades with persistently improving innovation, demonstrating to help specialists in numerous gynecologic gatherings around the world.

• Gynecologic and Urology Surgery
• Complications in Endoscopic Surgery
• Management of the Ureter During Pelvic Surgery
• Urinary Incontinence and Interstitial Cystitis
• Vaginal Agenesis and Vesicovaginal Fistulas

Ladies have special wellbeing related issue. Novel heath issues incorporate pregnancy, menopause, and states of the female organs. Ladies can have a sound pregnancy by getting appropriate, early and ordinary pre-birth care. They are additionally prescribed a few tests for cervical cancer, breast disease and bone thickness screenings. Complexities of pregnancy incorporate medical issues that happen amid pregnancy. They can include child's wellbeing, mother's wellbeing or both.

• Pelvic Provocative Affliction
• Stillbirths

The term "abnormal uterine bleeding" (AUB) refers to uterine bleeding that lasts longer than usual or takes place at an erratic period. Bleeding may be frequent or sporadic, heavier or lighter than usual. AUB might manifest as bleeding or spotting in between periods. following sexual activity. Uterine fibroids, uterine adenomyosis, or endometrial polyps are the most typical causes of such bleeding. Adenomyosis is a disorder in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) extends into the myometrium, whereas fibroids are benign tumours in the muscular layer of the uterus (myometrium).

Maintaining a woman's health is crucial for the welfare of her unborn child. Most women choose to exercise frequently, eat well, and receive regular prenatal care in order to successfully give birth to a healthy baby. It is suggested to all women in order to prevent pregnancy-related problems. By eating a healthy diet when pregnant, there is a chance to reduce the risk of birth abnormalities. A healthy diet is also responsible for the baby's weight at birth and the fetal brain's proper development Consuming prenatal vitamins is important in addition to eating natural foods because it can be challenging for pregnant women to plan a routine diet that is three nutrient-rich. These vitamins can help pregnant women meet their dietary needs while also providing the extra nutrition a developing fetus needs. Making wise decisions for a healthier lifestyle throughout pregnancy is important since doing so should prevent any negative effects on the growing fetus. Therefore, refraining from using drugs, smoking, and ingesting alcohol is strictly advised.

• Food and nutrition.
• Medication during pregnancy
• Antenatal care
• Enlightenment of dynamic mothers

Multifetal pregnancy takes place in 1 of 70- 80 deliveries. The threat factors includes ovarian stimulation, assisted reproduction, advanced maternal age and  prior multifetal pregnancy. Multifetal pregnancy also increases some risk factors in women such as preeclampsia, preterm delivery, growth restriction, gestational diabetes, postpartum haemorrhage and Cesarean delivery.  The inflated uterus leads to encourage preterm labor thus, causes preterm delivery at gestation period of 35-36 week for twins, 32 weeks for triplets, 30 weeks for quadruplets in average. This may cause structural presentation of the fetus as abnormal. The size of the uterus may decrease after first child delivery risking the remaining fetuses by shearing away the placenta. Sometimes it leads to maternal haemorrhage and atony because of uterine distention impairs postpartum uterine contraction. It can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography which act as an evident for multifetal pregnancy which is suspected if the uterus is large for dates. The only treatment to prevent fetuses is Cesarean delivery. This is mostly suggested when the fetuses are in vertex presentation.

• Pathology and pathophysiology
• Consequences of medication for ovulation
• IVF role and results
• Probability factors involved in multiple pregnancy
• Modes of delivery
• Diagnosis and Prevention

The development of several technologies that are helpful to monitor and care for maternal-fetal health has elevated the field of maternal-fetal medicine. Initially referred to as "perinatal medicine," after observing its expansion over the previous 20 years, a new name was also given to them. Maternal foetal medicine makes a significant contribution to neonatal health by focusing on their well-being and development and launching a variety of cutting-edge and beneficial technologies. Prenatal screening, along with advances in genomics and diagnosis, made it possible to identify cell-free DNA fragments from a foetal in the mother's blood, demonstrating the value of chromosomal microarrays. It is a helpful tool since it may check for microduplications and microdeletions in addition to aneuploidies.

• Therapies involved in fetal treatment
• Prenatal genetics
• Pregnancy complications
• Fetal anaemia
• CMV infection and rehabilitate
• Clinical trial in uterine fibroids